Dr Lee Rotherham is Director of the Red Cell, and is Executive Director of Veterans for Britain.
Given recent attempts in some quarters to suggest that the possible post-Brexit relationship between the UK and the EU must copy the format of either Canada or Norway, we reproduce below Dr Lee Rotherham’s list of the 42 different types of relationship with the EU established to date. Further study of each arrangement can be found in his report ’42’ .
Type of Agreement – Example
EU membership – eg France
Subsumed political union/merger with nation state – e.g. East Germany
EU membership with opt-out – e.g. Denmark
European Economic Area (EEA) – e.g. Norway
Transitional Europe Agreement Establishing an Association – e.g. Pre-accession Bulgaria
Protocol 3 Association – e.g. Guernsey
Outermost Region (OMR) – e.g. Guadeloupe
Cooperation and Customs Union (CCU) – e.g. San Marino
Customs Union – e.g. Turkey
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) – e.g. Ukraine
Free Trade Agreement plus bilateral(s) – e.g. Switzerland, Faroes
Basic symmetric free trade agreement (eg CEFTA) – e.g. Macedonia
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP, pending) – e.g. USA
Comprehensive Trade and Economic Agreement (CETA, ongoing) – e.g. Canada
Non-Member Member territory – EU exclave – e.g. Büsingen am Hochrhein
EU-OCTA (OCT Association) – e.g. Falklands
Non-EU OCTA – e.g. South Georgia
New Generation Free Trade Agreement – e.g. South Korea
Bilateral Stabilisation and Association Agreement: Non-reciprocal trade preference agreement with bolt- ons – e.g. Macedonia (formerly)
Free Trade Agreement – e.g. Malaysia (ongoing)
Agreement on Commercial and Economic Cooperation (ACEC) – e.g. Canada (previously)
Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation – e.g. Mongolia
Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement (EPPCCA) – e.g. Mexico
Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade-related Matters – e.g. Bosnia
Informal backdoor legacy association (no official term) – e.g. Algeria after independence
Trade Agreement – e.g. Colombia
Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) – e.g. CARIFORUM (provisional)
Association Agreement and Additional Protocol – e.g. Chile
“Association Agreement with a strong trade component” – e.g. Central America
Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association (EMAA) – e.g. Israel
Interim Economic Partnership Agreement – e.g. Madagascar
Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation Agreement – e.g. Vietnam
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) – e.g. Russia
Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (ATDC) – Asymmetric free trade agreement – e.g. South Africa
Generalized/Global System of Preferences Plus status (GSP+) – e.g. Costa Rica
Generalized/Global System of Preferences – WTO default with preferential rates for developing country – e.g. South Sudan
Partnership Agreement – e.g. Lomé Agreement
Cooperation Agreement – e.g. Syria
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) plus Joint Programming – e.g. Namibia
WTO MFN default – e.g. United States
Agreement on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation (ATCEC) – e.g. USSR (previously)
Less than WTO – e.g. North Korea
Dr Lee Rotherham is Director of the Red Cell, and is Executive Director of Veterans for Britain.
Given recent attempts in some quarters to suggest that the possible post-Brexit relationship between the UK and the EU must copy the format of either Canada or Norway, we reproduce below Dr Lee Rotherham’s list of the 42 different types of relationship with the EU established to date. Further study of each arrangement can be found in his report ’42’ .
Type of Agreement – Example
EU membership – eg France
Subsumed political union/merger with nation state – e.g. East Germany
EU membership with opt-out – e.g. Denmark
European Economic Area (EEA) – e.g. Norway
Transitional Europe Agreement Establishing an Association – e.g. Pre-accession Bulgaria
Protocol 3 Association – e.g. Guernsey
Outermost Region (OMR) – e.g. Guadeloupe
Cooperation and Customs Union (CCU) – e.g. San Marino
Customs Union – e.g. Turkey
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) – e.g. Ukraine
Free Trade Agreement plus bilateral(s) – e.g. Switzerland, Faroes
Basic symmetric free trade agreement (eg CEFTA) – e.g. Macedonia
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP, pending) – e.g. USA
Comprehensive Trade and Economic Agreement (CETA, ongoing) – e.g. Canada
Non-Member Member territory – EU exclave – e.g. Büsingen am Hochrhein
EU-OCTA (OCT Association) – e.g. Falklands
Non-EU OCTA – e.g. South Georgia
New Generation Free Trade Agreement – e.g. South Korea
Bilateral Stabilisation and Association Agreement: Non-reciprocal trade preference agreement with bolt- ons – e.g. Macedonia (formerly)
Free Trade Agreement – e.g. Malaysia (ongoing)
Agreement on Commercial and Economic Cooperation (ACEC) – e.g. Canada (previously)
Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation – e.g. Mongolia
Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement (EPPCCA) – e.g. Mexico
Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade-related Matters – e.g. Bosnia
Informal backdoor legacy association (no official term) – e.g. Algeria after independence
Trade Agreement – e.g. Colombia
Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) – e.g. CARIFORUM (provisional)
Association Agreement and Additional Protocol – e.g. Chile
“Association Agreement with a strong trade component” – e.g. Central America
Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association (EMAA) – e.g. Israel
Interim Economic Partnership Agreement – e.g. Madagascar
Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation Agreement – e.g. Vietnam
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) – e.g. Russia
Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (ATDC) – Asymmetric free trade agreement – e.g. South Africa
Generalized/Global System of Preferences Plus status (GSP+) – e.g. Costa Rica
Generalized/Global System of Preferences – WTO default with preferential rates for developing country – e.g. South Sudan
Partnership Agreement – e.g. Lomé Agreement
Cooperation Agreement – e.g. Syria
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) plus Joint Programming – e.g. Namibia
WTO MFN default – e.g. United States
Agreement on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation (ATCEC) – e.g. USSR (previously)
Less than WTO – e.g. North Korea